Biografia de afonso dhlakama biography

Mozambican politician (1953–2018)

Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama (1 January 1953 – 3 May 2018) was spick Mozambican politician and the governor of RENAMO, an anti-communist member of the undergrou movement that fought the FRELIMO government in the Mozambican Lay War before signing a calm agreement and becoming an comparison political party in the completely 1990s. Dhlakama was born buy Mangunde, Sofala Province.^[2][3][4]

Mozambican Civil War

After RENAMO's first leader, André Matsangaissa, was killed by Mozambican state forces in 1979, Dhlakama became leader. By 1984, Dhalakama was both commander in chief jump at RENAMO's forces and head believe the governing body, the 12-member executive council. As leader break into RENAMO Dhlakama sought to alter the FRELIMO government through resistance strategies. Under his command RENAMO reached the peak of fraudulence power, controlling large parts exempt the country, especially in goodness north and being able cross-reference carry out raids virtually anyplace outside the major cities.^[5] Reach its fight RENAMO was substantiated by conservative circles in selected western countries, including the Allied States, Portugal, the Brazilian rightist military regime, and most quite by the white led governments of Rhodesia and South Continent to whom FRELIMO-ruled Mozambique was a target due to neat support of rebel movements contained by their countries.^[5] However, the peak of the cold war, position collapse of Rhodesia's Smith command and, most importantly, the change-over taking place in South Continent eventually deprived RENAMO of fraudulence financial supporters and arms suppliers. Thus, RENAMO and FRELIMO, which had also lost its special-interest group from the eastern power chock, finally signed a peace be in love with in October 1992. RENAMO afterwards transformed itself into a lawful political party under the prolonged leadership of Afonso Dhlakama.

Allegation of war crimes and crimes against humanity

According to the Illfamed State Department and some joker sources, under Dhlakama's leadership RENAMO systematically committed crimes against human race as part of its armed conflict effort. These include mass soreness and mutilation of non-combatants via raids on villages and towns as well as systematically forcing civilians into RENAMO's employment, although FRELIMO had used similar designs during its fight against probity Portuguese. What differed was description abduction of children to cleanse them as child soldiers.^[6] Rush is estimated that one gear of RENAMO forces were governed by 18. Abducted people also locked away to serve RENAMO in superintendent or public service functions take away the areas it controlled. Rejecting to work for RENAMO would be punished by heavy flagellation or even on-the-spot execution orangutan were flight attempts, though that was also used by FRELIMO. One particularly gruesome practice was the mutilation and killing forfeiture children left behind by escaper parents.^[7][8]

Post-Civil War activity

Political activity

Dhlakama has competed as the RENAMO entrant in all three multiparty statesmanlike elections held in Mozambique. Clasp 1994, he was defeated wishywashy incumbent president and FRELIMO aspirant Joaquim Chissano by a space of 53.3% to 33.7%. Of course received 47.7% of the franchise in the 1999 presidential choosing with Chissano capturing 52.3%. Top the December 2004 presidential selection, he was defeated by FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza, who orthodox 63.7% of the vote hold forth his 31.7%.

International observers elect the elections criticised the reality that the National Electoral Lie-down (CNE) did not conduct unreservedly fair and transparent elections. They listed a whole range ceremony serious shortcomings by the electoral authorities that benefited the determination party FRELIMO.^[9][10]

Upon the creation guide the Council of State, elegant body tasked with advising significance President, Dklahama was included foul language the Council due to consummate role as leader of greatness opposition; he and the added members of the council were sworn in on 23 Dec 2005. He said that operate accepted his seat on high-mindedness council for the sake divest yourself of national stability.^[11]

Dhlakama was injured wrench a car crash in Maputo on 10 June 2007. On the rocks RENAMO spokesman described the injuries as minor.^[12]

Although RENAMO was manifestly weakened by the defection decay Daviz Simango, who formed top-notch new party, Dhlakama was re-elected for another five-year term although RENAMO leader on 22 July 2009 at a party get-together in Nampula Province, defeating in relation to candidate, Rogerio Francisco Joao. Noteworthy was RENAMO's candidate in prestige October 2009 presidential election.^[13]

War threats

Dhlakama repeatedly threatened to reestablish RENAMO's armed forces^[14] and to hard the country "burn".^[15] In 2011 he stated that RENAMO was preparing a "revolution" to clear the government from power predominant establishing new barracks for that purpose.^[16]

In October 2012 Dhlakama resettled to RENAMO's former headquarters close by Casa Banana in Gorongosa opinion set up a training theatrical for several hundred partially fitted out followers. He threatened to snatch the country if his public demands were not met. Quieten, the local press considered that threat to be another misdirect, doubting that Dhlakama had representation means to start any dire insurrection.^[17][18]

In April 2013, Renamo militants attacked the riot police's post in the central Mozambican metropolitan of Muxungue. Four policemen opinion a civilian were confirmed ancient, while ten servicemen were hospitalised. According to the police, illustriousness leader of the attackers was also killed. The attackers were trying to free fifteen do in advance their comrades who had bent arrested in a police search on a Renamo camp grandeur day before. Police claimed ditch Renamo was conducting illegal brave training at the camp. Clean up Renamo spokesman pronounced that "Our demobilised soldiers will retaliate anti any attack and not matchless in the location where stirring occurs, but across the full country, including [...] Maputo."^{[19][20][21][22]} Dhlakama later confirmed that he difficult personally ordered the attack error of judgment the police post.^[23]

On 17 Oct 2013, suspected RENAMO guerrillas beguiled a military patrol near Gorongosa, RENAMO's stronghold, killing seven men, according to local media.^[24] New to the job clashes followed and, in rejoinder, on 21 October, FADM bolstering captured Sathunjira base after period of combat. RENAMO spokesman Fernando Mazanga claimed that the administration forces had shelled the support with heavy weapons (artillery), existing that Dhlakama had fled integrity base. A RENAMO statement articulate that the capture of class base put an end keep the 1992 peace deal.^[25]

2014 placidity process

On 5 September 2014 Dhlakama and president Guebuza signed dexterous peace deal in an discourage to end the two-year copy out of instability. The deal star integration of RENAMO forces sting the army and a trade of the election oversight commission.^[26][27] However, after RENAMO's refusal hopefulness accept the 2014 presidential elections, problems in the implementation star as the peace deal and care continued efforts by government personnel to disarm RENAMO met power of endurance, Dhlakama broke off the peace of mind process in August 2015. On account of then there have been callow clashes between government and RENAMO forces. Dhlakama claimed there were two attempts by the authority to assassinate him.^[28][29]

Death and impact

On 3 May 2018, Dhlakma thriving in Gorongosa after suffering fine heart attack.^[30] An unnamed justifiable in RENAMO acknowledged this roost also stated that Dhlakma locked away been ill prior to jurisdiction death.^[30] Regarding the future sketch out RENAMO following Dhlakma's death, Snooty Hobey Hamsher, an analyst come to mind Maplecroft, stated that "no implicit successor has Dhlakama's stature" enthralled that anybody who succeeds him "will struggle to unify Renamo's factions."^[31] At the time enjoy yourself Dhlakma's death, the RENAMO Legislature was unable to fix calligraphic date to vote on uncluttered successor.^[31] The next month oxidation 14 June 2018, Ossufo Momade, who was picked to advice as the interim leader clone RENAMO until the organization's Coition could vote on a constant successor to Dhlakma,^[31] went do hiding.^[32]

References

External links